Compatibilism vs. Imcompatibilism Is There Really Free Will

Compatibilists and Incompatibilists debate determinism and free will. Determinism is the idea that our actions are determined by past events. In other words, in our present state we do not have control over our actions and they are pre-determined. Only one thing can happen given a certain condition and nothing else can occur. Determinism seems to pose a problem because it tests the possibility that we do not have free will or control over our actions because with certain conditions there can only be one possible outcome. Another problem it poses towards the idea of free will is that since there are infinite possibilities of what actions one takes, this means we do not have control over our actions according to determinism. Compatibilists†¦show more content†¦One has absolutely no control over his actions, so if determinism is correct our actions are not up to us and we do possess free will. Either we deny the causal chain and accept that we all have free will or we say we do not have free will because everything is pre-determined. The incompatibilist argument is slightly more convincing than compatibilism, but is also flawed and can be very confusing because there are different types of incompatibilists. The first type is a hard determinist, they believe strictly on the idea that there is no free will. The second type are libertarians. It becomes confusing because incompatibilists believe one strict idea and libertarians believe that you must not only show that free will is incompatiable with determinism but they must also show how free will can be compatible with indeterminism. Kane uses a diagram called the incompatibilism mountain to describe the Libertarian Dilemma. He poses two problems, the ascent problem and the descent problem. The ascent problem questions,Is free will incompatible with determinism? and the descent problem questions, Can we make sense of and affirm an indeterminist free will?(Kane pg.34). He uses the example of quantum jumps in atoms and how they happen by chance. From the Libertarian point of view free actions must be undetermined, in conclusion quantum jumps must happen by chance. This

The Leadership Challenge Of General George S. Patton...

There are a number of qualities that quantify good leaderships and good leaders. According to Kouzes and Posner in their book The Leadership Challenge, all successful leaders have (5) practices in common. They â€Å"Model the Way†, â€Å"Inspire a shared vision†, â€Å"Challenge the process†, â€Å"enable others to act† and â€Å"encourage the heart†(15). Never is there a more important time to have exemplary leadership, than in a time of war. Both the American Civil War and World War II showed what was possible through good leadership. From abolishing slavery and preserving the Union, to fighting tyranny and oppression abroad, both events in American history had a profound impact on all those involved. The impact would most certainly be different if not for the leadership of Colonel Lawrence Chamberlain of the Union Army during the Civil War and General George S. Patton during World War II. Both leaders possessed the 5 practices essential fo r god leadership, yet both leaders to different approaches to accomplish their goals. The leadership of General George S. Patton can be viewed as an example of transactional leadership. This type of leadership makes followers of an â€Å"organization achieve objectives through rewards and punishment†. This can be shown in the scene in Patton where he is meeting his new soldiers for the first time. As he is driving through the streets of North Africa, he sees his fellow soldiers are poorly dressed and not all in uniform. Soldiers had just finished aShow MoreRelatedPatton, The Man Behind The Legend1733 Words   |  7 Pages Patton, the Man Behind the Legend, 1885-1945. Zach Harper History 2200, U.S. History Since 1877 (to the Present) Dr. James Moulton 20 April 2016 â€Æ' Blumenson, Martin. (1985). Patton, the man behind the legend, 1885-1945. New York: Morrow. How would you define determination? Determination is often having the motivation and willpower to see a goal, a task or an idea through to the end. Throughout our history, there have been many events that have shaped or had an effect on our countryRead MoreEverything Rises And Falls On Leadership1003 Words   |  5 PagesEverything rises and falls on leadership. I have always been interested in General George S. Patton. Some credit his work with winning World War II. Obviously, it was a great team effort that got it done but studying. General Patton and his role as a leader is good for any inspiring leader. Why is this important to me? Leadership is needed today more than ever. The generations after World War II lived in good times. The coming storm of the debt crisis, terrorism and the world economy imploding can potentiallyRead MoreNineteen Stars : A Military Character And Leadership1520 Words   |  7 PagesNineteen Stars: A Study in Military Character and Leadership Nowadays the military is becoming more complex and challenging then it was in the past. All of the United States military services are beginning to downsize and aiming to create a more diverse, educated, and physically fit military. As a result, this makes it harder for future military officers to earn a commission. The primary ways that young leaders earn a commission are through West Point, Reserves Officer Training Corps (ROTC), andRead MoreGeorges, The And The Axis During World War II2484 Words   |  10 PagesGeneral S. Patton once said, â€Å"Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do and they will surprise you with their ingenuity.† Some may argue that his life was cut short while others may say it was too long. Being a man who fought in World War I and World War II, George S. Patton, Jr. certainly contained a wealth of experience in warfare. Looking at the written history, there were those who seemed to undervalue Patton, as well as those who may have he ld him much too high. Researchers haveRead MoreThe Battle Of The Bulge3014 Words   |  13 PagesBattle of the Bulge Nearing the end of World War II and after the successful D-Day invasion by Allied Forces, Adolf Hitler would personally plan a counteroffensive he believed would turn the tied of the war in his favor and prevent his unconditional surrender. Historically known as the Battle of the Bulge, the Ardennes Counteroffensive, from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945, would showcase the power of a full-scale German offensive while highlighting the ingenuity and heart of the United StatesRead MoreAn Army At Dawn Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe book An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa 1942-1943 gives the reader valuable insight into the campaign in North Africa in 1942-1943 for both Allied and the German forces. The narrative follows the American and British armies as they fought the Vichy French in Morocco and Algiers, and then later when they fight the Germans and the Italians for Tunisia. The novel follows the inexperienced and ill-led soldiers from battle to battle as they graduall y become a more cohesive and deadly fightingRead MoreThe Battle Of The Bulge1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Western Front during World War II. This battle was a German offensive intended to drive a wedge between the American and British armies in France and the Low Countries and capture the port of Antwerp in the Netherlands to deny the Allies use of the port facilities. The battle also known as the Ardennes Offensive, took place in the Ardennes Forest of Luxembourg and Belgium. The battle waged during the brutal winter months between December 16, 1944, and January 16, 1945. During the attack on theRead MoreKnowledge Management and People7149 Words   |  29 Pagesstarted out. But with opportunity comes responsibility. Companies today aren t managing their employees careers; knowledge workers must, effectively, be their own chief executive officers. It s up to you to carve out your place, to know when to change course, and to keep yourself engaged and productive during a work life that may span some 50 years.To do those things well, you ll need to cultivate a deep understanding of yourself- notonly what your strengths and weaknesses are but also how you learnRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 PagesiiManagement Challenges for the 21st Century PETER F. DRUCKER Contents Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues 1 Management’s New Paradigms 2 Strategy—The New Certainties 3 The Change Leader 4 Information Challenges 5 Knowledge-Worker Productivity 6 Managing Oneself Acknowledgments About the Author Books By Peter F. Drucker Credits Front Cover Copyright About the Publisher iii Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues Where, readers may ask, is the discussion of COMPETITIVE STRATEGYRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLinda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape

Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization Essay - 1008 Words

Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization Dawn Herron- (su200126206) Dr. Caren Stayer World Cultures I online 01/13/14 The End of the Maya Empire: In 800 A.D. the Maya Empire contained of a number of powerful city-states spreading from southern Mexico to northern Honduras. These cities were home to massive populations and were ruled by a leading choice that could understand vast armies and demanded to be inclined from the stars and planets themselves. Maya culture was at its highest, massive temples were lined up in exactness with the night sky, stone carvings were made to celebrate the events of great leaders and long distance skill was prosperous. However a hundred years later,†¦show more content†¦There are many schemes as to what happened to the Maya, but little consent among authorities. The Disaster Theory: Early Maya investigators believed that some tragic events that may have ruined the Maya. An earthquake, volcanic eruption or sudden widespread disease could have demolished cities and killed or evacuated tens of thousands of people, bringing the Maya civilization colliding down. These schemes have been rejected today largely, because of the fact that the weakening of the Maya took about 200 years, some cities fell while others increased, at least for a little while. An earthquake, disease or other widespread tragedy would have smothered out the great Maya cities at one time. The Warfare Theory: The Maya were once said to have been a peaceful, appeasing culture. This duplicate has been crushed by the historical record, new discoveries and newly decoded stone crafters plainly show that the Maya fought often and violently among themselves. City-states such as Dos Pilas, Tikal, Copà ¡n and Quirigua went to war with one another quite often. Dos Pilas was attacked and destroyed in 760 A.D. It is possible that war brings with it financial disaster as well as security damage that could have caused a major result in the Maya cities. The Famine Theory: Pre-classic Maya (1000 B.C. - 300 A.D.) practiced basic existence agriculture, slash-and-burn crop growing on small family plots. They planted mostly corn, beans and squash. On the coast and lakesShow MoreRelatedWhat Caused the Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization? Essay2582 Words   |  11 PagesIt is still a great mystery how the Mayan civilization disappeared. This complex society reached its zenith around approximately 750 AD. However, within the next two hundred years, this civilization which was epic in its time collapsed and disappeared leaving minimal traces and even more scanty detail about what could have caused this disappearance. This knowledge gap has led to a lot of debate among scholars over the various possible reasons behind what seems to us to be the abandonment and desertionRead MoreMaya And The Ancient Civilizations1283 Words   |  6 Pageshistorians still discuss when exactly the Maya civilizations started but the most commonly accepted date is 1800 BCE in the Soconusco Region. Unlike other Mesoamerican civilizations, Maya was not confined to one area of land but rather stretched out over Central America. To historians today, the Maya civilization reached its peak during the Classic Period between AD 250 and 900. At its peak, the Maya population was over 2,000,000 people. Excavations of Mayan cities have uncovered plazas, temples, pyramidsRead MoreThe Origins Of The Ancient Civilization1308 Words   |  6 PagesThat is what happened to the Mayans. In a time span of only one hundred years, the whole Maya population was wiped out. There are several theories about the cause of their decline. Due to their disappearance the great Mayan inventions were lost in time until modern day anthropologists discovered that they made their own calendar and language along with many other things. What anthropologists do know for sure is that the Mayans were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization dating back to 250 B.C â€Å"madeRead MoreCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words   |  5 PagesCollapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. (Cartwright) Within this war there were also the battles that were going on within its civilization, the offerings that they made to their gods, and the campaigns to resist the Spanish conquest. In the beginning the Mayans were thoughtRead MoreDiscuss What Different Theories Suggest About the Disappearance of the Mayans.1769 Words   |  8 Pagessuggest about the disappearance of the Mayans. The Mayan civilization began during 2000 B.C. and by 200 A.D. they had reached their peak of development, with more people per square kilometer than modern day New York. They were located throughout northern Central America, and present day southern Mexico. They continued to develop with forms of mathematics and astrometry, with observatories being built to follow the stars and planets. But during the 8th and 9th century the Mayans abandoned their citiesRead MoreExploring Ancient Mysteries Essay687 Words   |  3 Pagesto the great urban Mayan civilization, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the relatively abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. * Tutankhamen died young, at approximately eighteen (18) years of age. However, his cause of death has been the subject of quite varied scholarly theories and conclusions. Did he die of an injury, of illness, of murder, or something else?. * Minoan Crete was a major civilization in its time, but severalRead MoreA Very Great Change During The Francisco Pizarro s Journey1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Spanish Monarchy created The New Spanish on the other side of the Atlantic in which the judicial, administrative and cultural views started to developed. However, the expeditions and battles to the Americas implied sacrifice of human life in the Mayan, Aztecs and Incan Empire. Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean in his march to the South Sea across the Isthmus of Panama, in which Francisco Pizarro was joined. But who was Francisco Pizarro? What did he contribute in the journey toRead MoreA Brief Look at the Mayan Civilization Essay example1548 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the disappearance of the Olmec in 100 BCE many Mesoamerican complex societies arose and continued to carry on many of the things of the Olmec culture. The ceremonial centers that were now being established brought about large populations of residents to the area. Trade networks linked the new areas and extended across Mesoamerica. They developed similar to those in the eastern hemisphere. The earliest heirs to the Olmec were the Maya people. The Maya can be analyzed in terms of their cultureRead MoreThe And Its Impact On The Future1972 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen predicted by scientists, ancient civilizations, different religions, and many others. For example, Nostradamus was one of the most famous scientists that wrote many prophecies and events about the future, his predictions are known worldwide and have impacted societies; as him, there are other scientists such as Isaac Newton, Stephen Hawking, and Richard Noone. Moreover, the Mayans, an ancient civilization, known as one of the most advanced civilizations in the field of mathematics, astronomyRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Joichiro Nagase1856 Words   |  8 Pagesthe intricacies of a point in history almost long-forgotten. The five earliest civilizations, China, Indus-river valley, Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Mayan civilization. It was at that particular point in time, as Junichi would have it, that mankind firs t tasted greed. And with greed came significant individuals who reigned this human aspect to their control, manipulating such an amount of people to join their civilization and become their subjects. Back then, rich people had food, not money. If you

The Ontological Argument By Anselm - 1524 Words

I will begin my paper by discussing the two major versions of the ontological argument by Anselm presented in the proslogion. The first being â€Å"Possible and actual existence†, and the second being â€Å"Contingent or Necessary†. One should start off with the first summarized in the standard form as follows: #1 It is a conceptual truth that God is a being than which none greater can be imagined. #2 God exists as an idea in the mind. #3 A being that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is, other things being equal, greater than a being that exists only as an idea in the mind. #4 Thus, if God exists only as an idea in the mind, then we can imagine something that is greater than God. #5 But we cannot imagine something that is greater than†¦show more content†¦[Ia] Unfortunately to properly render a complete discussion of the ontological argument One must begin by defining a few keywords. Definitions for P2 are as follows. first, conceptual truth: someth ing that can be understood or perceived by the use of reason or imagination. Second, a being: one’s basic nature, or the qualities thereof; essence or personality[3]. Third, greater: of ability, quality, or eminence considerably above the normal or average [4]. Forth, imagined: form a mental image or concept of [4]. Fifth, Idea: a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action [4]. Sixth, mind: the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought [4]. Definitions for P3 are as follows. Seventh, actual: existing in fact; typically as contrasted with what was intended, expected, or believed [4]. Eighth, existence: the fact or state of living or having objective reality. Ninth, contingent: occurring or existing only if certain other circumstances are the case; dependent on [4]. Tenth, necessary: present; needed; essential [4]. Due to the nature of definitions, I will not give an argument for the lack of implied meanings. [IIa] For P2 axioms #1 and #3 appears that using a loose form of relativism the argument holds. For axiom #2 its entirety is an assumption that is to be disproved. Axioms #4-6 are logical deductions from Axioms #1 through #3. For P3Show MoreRelatedAnselm s Argument On The Ontological Argument1614 Words   |  7 PagesPrologion, Anselm argues that God exists, otherwise known as the ontological argument. Anselm believes that â€Å"there is no doubt that something than which a greater cannot be thought exists both in the understanding and in reality (Anselm, Proslogion, 7).† In other words, we cannot imagine something that is able to be greater than God; it would be a contradiction to think being greater than the greatest possible being that can be thought of. A number of philosophers do not agree with Anselm’s argument, suchRead MoreThe Ontological Argument Made By Anselm1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe ontological argument made by Anselm was criticized by one of his contemporaries, a monk named Gaunilo, who said, that by Anselm s reasoning, one could imagine a certa in island, more perfect than any other island, tf this island can exist in the mind, then according to Anselm, it would necessarily exist in reality, for a perfect island would have this quality. But this is obviously false; we cannot make things exist merely by imagining them. Anselm replied, upholding his argument by sayingRead MoreEssay about Anselms Ontological Argument680 Words   |  3 Pages As a theologian and philosopher, Saint Anselm strove to prove the existence of God in reality. The bulk of his argument is found in Chapter II of Proslogium. Anselm begins by defining God as amp;#8220;a being than which nothing greater can be conceived;. He continues by stating that amp;#8220;even a fool; has the capacity to understand this definition of God and that whatever is understood exists in the understanding. Anselm now draws his first intermediate inference based on these initialRead MoreAnselm s Ontological Argument On The Existence Of God935 Words   |  4 PagesAnselm’s Ontological argument sets out to not only prove God’s existence, but to show that God’s existence is self-evident. Similar to other ontological arguments, it uses a priori knowledge to argue its validity, meaning that the propositions made are derived from internal reasoning instead of sense experience. The argument begins with Anselm defining the term God as â€Å"that, than which nothing greater can be conceived† (pg.26). Although simple, once this term is accepted Anselm believes he has successfullyRead More Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument1198 Words   |  5 PagesExposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument In a world of scientific inquiry, atheism, and the assassination of God, we are often neglectful of our Glorious God’s existence. With new theories of neuropsychology, quantum physics, gene therapy, evolution, and psychobiology, we are constantly forced to edge God out of our lives, to be replaced with cold, empty scientific thought. What, with meme theory, genetic predisposition, evolutionary spontaneous generationRead MoreValidity And Effectiveness Of Anselm s Ontological Argument On The Existence Of God1095 Words   |  5 Pagesexamining the validity and effectiveness of Anselm s Ontological Argument on the existence of God. I will begin by presenting Anselm’s Ontological Argument from the ground up. This includes the argument, basic idea, initial assumptions, Anselm’s definition of god, and Anselm s distinctions which are needed to completely understand the nature of my argument. Furthermore, I will present concepts of logic and define what makes an argum ent valid, and circular argument because they are necessary for understandingRead MoreDoes Anselm s Ontological Argument Successfully Show That God Exists?1245 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Anselm’s Ontological Argument Successfully Show That God Exists? The argument of whether God does or doesn’t exist has been a popular philosophical topic and everyday topic around the world for many centuries. It is a very important concept that philosophers have been trying to grasp since the beginning of philosophy. Anselm and Hume both have arguments that give us reasons to believe whether God exists or doesn’t exist. In this paper, I will venture into Anselm’s ontological argument, Hume’s contra-ontologicalRead MoreOntological Argument Is Not Reliant On An Posteriori933 Words   |  4 Pages Ontological Argument Saint Anselm created the â€Å"Ontological Argument†. Saint Anselm was the archbishop of Canterbury. The premise of Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is that, no greater being can be conceived than God. The Ontological Argument is an a priori or deductive argument. An a priori argument does not have to be supported by real or factual evidence just by reason without observation. Thus, the Ontological Argument is not reliant on an a posteriori premise. An a posteriori argumentRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues thatRead MoreDale Barlet. Philosophy 100. Professor Mcandrews. 3/28/17.1253 Words   |  6 Pages3/28/17 In Proslogion, Anselm argues God’s existence using what has come to be known as the ontological argument. Using the ontological argument, Anselm disproves â€Å"the fools† belief that there is no God. However, Anselm does not give enough backing to his arguments. This is particularly true in the fourth point, that it is conceivable that God exists in reality. Although I agree with Anselm, he gives no evidence to support why it is conceivable that God truly exists in reality. Anselm immediately goes

Should Animals Be Used for Research - 2686 Words

Professor Sophie Sills English 240 December 16, 2011 Should Animals be used for Research During the past ten years, a major controversy over the use of animals in biomedical and behavioral research has arisen. The debate about using animals for medical testing has been ongoing for years. The struggle is usually between animal rights activists and scientist. I believe that animal testing is imperative to the progression of medical cures, procedures and drugs. Scientists have been solving medical problems, developing new techniques and treatments, and curing diseases by using animals in biomedical research. Animal rights advocates believe that animals should not be exploited by humans, and that animals have the same rights as humans.†¦show more content†¦Federal regulators routinely inspect labs to ensure that animals are adequately cared for. The welfare of animals used in research is very important. The guiding principles underpinning the human’s use of animals in research are called three Rs. Any researcher planning to use use animals must first show wh y there are no alternatives and what will be done to minimize numbers and suffering. Replace the use of animals with alternative techniques, reduce the number of animals used to minimum and refine the way experiments are carried out to make sure animals suffer as little as possible. Those against the use of animals in research also question the credibility of these studies. They argue that millions of animals are killed unnecessarily when more than ninety percent of these experiments yield no results. More importantly, there is no guarantee that those few drugs which are tested successfully on animals will yield positive results when used in humans. Each species in the animal kingdom is unique. But just as there are differences, there are also key similarities. Scientists often work with an animal model that has biological systems similar to that of a human. For instance, pigs and humans share similar cardiovascular systems. By working with pigs, scientists are better able to develo p and study heart medicines. To study generic disorders such as Down’s syndrome or Parkinson’s disease, researchers use a mouse model which shares ninetyShow MoreRelatedAnimals Should Not Be Used For Biomedical Research1635 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals have been used from the beginning of time the ancient civilisations used animal testing to find answers to the unknown for example why do animals exist romans greeks simply dissected animals to have knowledge. Now days animals are used to understand basic human biology, so called â€Å"models† for studying human biology and disease. Improvements in human health, vaccines and medicines. Another type of animal use is for cosmetics. Even though people believe that biomedical research is a wayRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Used For Research1600 Words   |  7 Pageswhether the practice of animals research should be used. Many people believe animals are needed for research, while others think it is not fair for animals to be sacrificed and treated poorly during research. Animals used for research has bettered many human lives by new discoveries and advantages. Many people such as doctors, scientists, hospitals, research institutes use animal research to view how the human body works and to advance in scientific understanding. The first animal experiment started inRead MoreShould Animals Be Used for Research? Essay740 Words   |  3 Pages There are several types of animals being used for research, but not surviving the test. Animals are similar to human beings; they have hearts just like human beings. Researchers have absolutely no sympathy for these animals, including the vicious ones. All animals need some type of affection from humans, or else there is a high possibility the animals will not survive. Personally, animal researching should be banned, but doing so, the researchers would have to find something else or someone elseRead MoreShould the Animals Be Used for Scientific Research?1981 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract This research paper discusses the opposition side of my chosen topic â€Å"Should the animals be used for scientific research†. It will evidently elucidate why it is malicious for the animals to be used as scientific research. Animals cannot be compared to humans when it comes to finding out what product or drug is competent for human to use, because animals and humans have different hormones. It is also been proven with the drug thalidomide, that even though it has been tested on thousands ofRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Medical Research?1872 Words   |  8 PagesShould animals be used in medical research? Should animals be used in medical research? Some people say that after so many historical experiences, this is beyond dispute, but I think this is the opposite. With the medicine science and technology developed, the uses of animals in experiments are become more controversial. With the technologies developed, human beings become more powerful and the intention to protect other creatures will be stronger and stronger. In fact, most of the time, some medicalRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Product Or Medical Research?767 Words   |  4 PagesThat’s what animals go through almost everyday. Animal medical research and animal testing has been going on for years and years and needs to be stopped immediately. They have lives just like us and are being treated like their nothing. Animals should not be used for product or medical research. To begin with, the behaviors of animals has become violent because of animal research. A 2013 poll showed that two thirds of respondents oppose testing cosmetics and other consumer products on animals. (â€Å"Is animalRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Medical Science Research?1321 Words   |  6 PagesIs the use of animals in medical science research justified? Should this be permitted? Why is it allowed that animals have to suffer so a human can use Windex or wear makeup? An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. Animal research testing is unnecessary to advance medical research any further. At one time when technology was not caught up with the rest of the world, it may have been useful because without animal testing, productsRead MoreShould Animals Be Used for Research in the Cosmetic Industry?533 Words   |  3 PagesShould animals be used for research in cosmetic industry? Animal testing is widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. These experiments can cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways. Animal experimenters are aware of this problem and agree that the testing should be made as humane as possible. While this practice has been followed for years now, some people still strongly believe that it is a cruel act and should be permanentlyRead MoreWhy Should Animals Be Used For Medical Research?1520 Words   |  7 Pages Why should animals be used for medical research? Is it because some animals are similar to humans probably. Even though animals have rights they should still be used for experiments because if scientist experiment on humans and something go wrong they could kill that human being. That is why animals should be used for medical research because they have different blood type and cells from us. Something that can easily kill us might not kill an animal, so wi th that they can find a way to cure theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Used For Biomedical Research1645 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of animals are used and tested on for biomedical research. Considering this fact, is it really an ethical approach to satisfying the needs of humans? Animals should not be used for biomedical research because the experiments are cruel and inhumane. Although animal testing brings more medical advancement and less human-based experiments, it is an expensive way of researching that produce imprecise outputs and at the same time is a practice of animal cruelty. What is animal testing? Animal testing

Missing Scene Essay Example For Students

Missing Scene Essay The scene is set in the interior of a bar at the Flamingo Hotel in Laurel. The bar has a mysterious quality to it and is very hazy with smoke. Its crowded with drunken men, many are crowded around the centre table drinking excessively together and occasionally shouting loud bawdy jokes to one another. There are four round wooden tables surrounding the centre one in front of the bar which has six tall stools standing at it. They are dark mahogany and upholstered with tattered and frayed red velvet. To the right there are two pool tables and a set of saloon doors leading to a hallway of guest rooms. The walls of the bar are painted light blue; however the paint has peeled at various places and appears to be fading. Three dwindling chandeliers are hanging from the ceiling exuding a gentle yellow glow that lends to the room an almost spectral quality mixed with the cigarette smoke. A small familiar band of Negro entertainers sing an upbeat but gentle rendition of the Count Basies Bolero at the Savoy. Blanche Dubois enters through the main door on the far left of the bar. She is wearing a luxurious hand-woven red silk dress lined with sable which compliments her figure and sits eloquently against the curves of her body. A gold diamond and ruby necklace with a double-link rope chain rests delicately on her neck. The ruby appears to pulse and there is an element of simplicity about her appearance which lends itself nicely to her radiance. Her face is made up with a combination of mascara, lipstick and foundation. She is carrying a small red snake skin purse with a starburst design on each side and a shiny gold trim. The men crowded around the centre table lower their voices and gaze at her as she crosses the bar to sit at one of the stools. For almost a second it seems like the entire bar comes to a standstill and time as an entity ceases to exist. As she sits they return to their prior state of drunken stupor and continue talking noisily. A few moments after Blanche enters and orders a drink, Laura enters through the same door. She wears a plain pale mint lace dress made from silk with cream sheer lace panelling. It has a slash neckline and sheer cropped sleeves. Its fitted neatly to her slender figure, emphasising the curvature of her bosom. A small silver necklace is placed around her thin neck. There is something unworldly about how delicate yet elegant she is. None of the men at the table take notice of her and she is thankful for the orange-red glow of the chandeliers which covers her flushed red cheeks. She wears no makeup and carries a small, unpretentious white leather quilted shoulder bag which has a gold tone chain and gold stud fastenings surrounding the designer push lock. Blanche is seemingly unaware of Lauras entrance and lights a cigarette as Laura approaches her. Laura gently touches Blanche on the shoulder. BLANCHE (to LAURA): Goodness Laura, I never saw you come in. Its been three months since weve last seen each other! Well with all that a few weeks ago, Im not surprised it has taken this long. LAURA: Blanche, why you look beautiful tonight. Its been too long; I didnt think I would have gotten out of that place without you. We were lucky BLANCHE: So how are you, dear? Did you get the message I left you? LAURA: Im okay and yes, I wasnt sure if you would be here already though. Ive been worrying you know. Blanche signals the bar tender. He is a young man with handsome features; high cheek bones, a strong jaw and deep-set blue eyes. There is a faint touch of stubble on his chin and his hair is strikingly black. Its swept back from his face and has sharp sides which show up quite starkly through his dark hair. Hes wearing a white shirt with a black waistcoat and bow tie. He polishes the glass he holds and then tends to Blanche. .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 , .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .postImageUrl , .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 , .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466:hover , .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466:visited , .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466:active { border:0!important; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466:active , .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466 .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35b268459753c901624cdb9b6c7d6466:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Holocaust (1353 words) EssayBAR TENDER: Good evening maam, can I get you a drink? BLANCHE: May I have a crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½me de Violette, sir. LAURA: That sounds exotic! BAR TENDER: Would you like one too, mlady? LAURA: I suppose it wouldnt hurt to try it. Can you make me one as well? BAR TENDER: (With exaggerated courtesy) Certainly, it would be my pleasure. I shall be right back with your drinks shortly. LAURA: (turning to Blanche) The man and woman living in the room above me are terribly noisy, Blanche. It sounds like a war going on up there! They are constantly moving furniture around and decorating. There hasnt been any silence the whole time Ive been there. The people are so noisy; its a lot noisier than my mothers house. I miss her. She was always pressuring me to go find a man and settle down, but I was too shy. Now Im living here on my own. Tom must be worried sick. BLANCHE: Tom? Yes I remember you showed me a photo. Hes your brother isnt he? BAR TENDER places their drinks in front of them. LAURA (frowning): Yes, its so strange not being around my family, I feel like I have grown up too fast. You see, I used to have a little set of glass animals I would play with, a bit of a menagerie. It all seems so long ago. My childhood died along with my mother and it was so fast. BLANCHE (reminiscing): I was married once Allen Sometimes I wish he was still here now; maybe I wouldnt be so lonely. Being single is hard for us, though Ill never admit it, but it has its perks, for instance She sees a man approaching her and finished her drink in one go. LAURA laughs to herself. BLANCHE sits up straight and waits for the man. The man smiles and takes her hand. BLANCHE (smiling): Im going to dance with this gentleman over by the piano, Laura. Will you be okay to sit here for a minute? LAURA (awkwardly): okay BLANCHE walks off into the smoky haze of the dim lit room with the man and starts to dance at the back of the room by the piano. She becomes nothing but a mere shadow amidst the ominous fog from burning cigarettes. LAURA turns and faces the bar and orders another drink. She begins to look around and reluctantly makes eye contact with a young man. As he approaches, taking a draw on his cigarette, she turns around quickly out of embarrassment. The man is dressed very casually. He has a beige pair of trousers on, a pair of boots and quite a tight t-shirt. He looks like a mans man, muscular with his box of cigarettes tucked into his sleeve at the top of his arm. He is twenty nine and in his prime. He is the epitome of masculinity. STANLEY (smiling with confidence): Evening miss, its nice to meet you, Im Stanley. LAURA (blushing): Evening Stanley, Im Laura. how do you do? STANLEY: Yeah Im good, thank you. And you miss? I dont believe weve met before, have we? LAURA: Why I dont think so. Are you having a nice evening Stanley? STANLEY: I sure am. Ive been out with the men from work tonight. We like to come up here every now and then. I live in New Orleans, its a bit of a ride up here. One of my acquaintances lives near here and I stay at his place while Im visiting. You with anyone tonight? A girl like you shouldnt be alone at the bar, you should be dancing with a gentleman like myself (smiling seedily). Believe me lady, Im not the type of guy to hand out compliments to a woman frequently. LAURA (going red now): Im afraid not, Ive never had much luck with gentlemen callers you see, Im not very good at talking to men. Would you like to dance with me Stanley? .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a , .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .postImageUrl , .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a , .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a:hover , .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a:visited , .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a:active { border:0!important; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a:active , .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38b62eceacc760bbae8c7e16e6a6d47a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Jay Gatsby Tragic? EssayLAURA moves through a yellow streak of light and radiates a sense of innocence yet there is an underlying sensuality about her. Stanley appears to become instantly infatuated as a moth would be with a street light. STANLEY (with a smouldering aura): Sure thing miss. As they move across the room together, STANLEY notices BLANCHE. He has been drinking fairly heavily since he arrived at the bar. He slams his glass down on a nearby table as he walks past and leaves LAURA to confront BLANCHE. STANLEY (suprised and angry): Well I cant believe what Im seeing. If it isnt Miss Blanche DuBois! I thought Id gotten rid of you! What are you doing here? I thought you had never heard of this place? BLANCHE (improvising feverishly): How do you know my name? STANLEY: What are you talking about, I know its you! Suddenly an unshakable fear comes over BLANCHE and a dead silence falls over the room as STANLEY raises his voice. A mood of hysterical panic fills her as she realises the situation she is in. A murmmering of a group of spectral men is hushed. BLANCHE step back and begins to sob uncontrollably. BLANCHE (her voice trembling): Get away from me Stanley. I havent hurt anyone, just leave me alone. The air begins to fill with ominous and inhuman voices like calls in a jungle. The shadows and pallid reflections move deviously as serpants along the sand. STANLEYS mouth slowly curving into a grin as he watches BLANCHE delve into an unforgiving and bleak void of insanity. The barely audible Blue Piano begins to play louder turning into a roar of a herd of charging cattle. BLANCHE passes out and the Blue Piano goes softly as the stage descends into darkness.

Hyponsis Essay Example For Students

Hyponsis Essay AbstractThis paper focuses on the history and science of hypnosis. The introduction discusses the origins of hypnosis that date back to pre-historic times and the first people to employ hypnotic-like methods to alter or change human behavior using the power of suggestion. A background and study of Franz Anton Mesmer, the man who most people associate with the beginning of hypnosis, is elaborated on throughout this paper. I will also discuss what hypnosis is, how it is used to explain human experiences, and how research does or does not support the theory of hypnosis. I will also give examples of how hypnosis is applied, why it’s used, and how it has been viewed in the past and present times. The History and Science of HypnosisIntroductionA brief history of the concept of hypnosisThe science of hypnosis, remote from being a practice of modern times, is one that has been studied and pondered over since pre-historic times. The employment of hypnotic-like methods to alter human behavior using the power of suggestion and repetitious incentives to rouse the mind or the spirits were used by numerous ancient civilizations (Baker, 1990, p. 51). These methods were usually associated with a confidence in magic and the occult, and the belief that these procedures were beyond human understanding. According to Baker (1990), priest-physicians of ancient Egypt induced sleep-like states in other people. This practice was also prominent in the sleep temples of classical Greece. In this case, worshippers attempted to conjure Hypnos, the god of sleep, who it was believed brought them prophetic dreams. Another example of the use of hypnotic-like methods dates back to 2600 BC in China, where Wang Tai, the father of Chinese Medicine, wrote of a â€Å"medical procedure that involved using incantations and mysterious passes of the hands over the patient that leaves no doubt about its hypnotic nature (Baker, 1990, p. 51). According to Baker (1990), the use of hypnotic-like techniques and procedures were mentioned in the Hindu Vera, written about 1500 BC, and the Ebers papyrus, which is known to be over 3,000 years old, narrates an expressive method extremely similar to the techniques modern hypnotherapists practice today. Although the practice of hypnosis appears to have begun during these pre-historic times, and there are many more accounts similar to the latter, the fact is that these people of different lands, thousands of years ago, may have known about the strange powers of hypnosis; that it appeared to be magic and it helped cure the sick, but these ancient people knew little about what hypnosis really was (Kennedy, 1979, p. 22)Attempts to provide scientific explanations for the existence and the cure of diseases began in Europe during the 16th century. Up until this time, the causes and cures for diseases were attributed to supernatural or metaphysical causes. Paracelsus (1493-1541), a physician and alchemist, who was born in Switzerland, was among the first theorists to offer such a scientific explanation. He suggested the idea that magnets and the heavenly bodies-the sun, moon, and stars-possessed healing effects that could be used on the human body (Baker, 1990, p. 53). From this time forwar d, a number of similar notions motivated the study of physicians, astronomers, physicists, and healers of the sick. Gul Maxwell, a Scottish physician, proposed the idea that a universal and vital force adversely influenced and affected humans, in 1679. The efforts and studies of Maxwell impacted Richard Mead, an 18th century English physician, and led him to begin studies dealing with the universality of life. Around 1771, Maximillian Hell, who was a Viennese Jesuit, became known for cures that he attained by applying a steel plate to the bodies of people who were sick or diseased. In 1774, Hell met a Viennese physician, Franz Anton Mesmer, and demonstrated to him the healing powers of his magnetized steel poles (Baker, 1990, p. 53). Given all of this information, it is a mystery tome that the history of hypnosis is often associated with Mesmer, and that it is he who is often considered when the beginning of hypnosis is reflected. However, Mesmer did contribute to the further develo pments and understanding of hypnosis. In the late 1700’s, Mesmer began using a new kind of medical treatment in Vienna, Austria. â€Å"With it, Dr. Franz Mesmer was said to be curing patients doctors called ‘incurable’. Using no medicine, Franz Mesmer was curing these people with magnets† (Kennedy, 1979, p. 25). It is true that Mesmer was thought to have cured numerous patients through â€Å"mesmerism† and â€Å"animal magnetism†, but the validity of these claims were uncertain. Mesmer developed the theory â€Å"animal magnetism†, and surmised that a universal magnetic fluid existed in all â€Å"objects that produced disease when it was out of balance in the human body† (Baker, 1990, p. 53). As a result of this theory and the belief Mesmer had in it, he began to cultivate techniques that he thought would re-establish the equilibrium of the magnetic fluid, and as a result, diseases would be cured. Mesmer based his theories and prospects on his belief that perfect health was dependent upon an individual maintaining a right relationship with the heavenly bodies. Mesmer became convinced that the same powers that held the sun and moon and planets in place regulated human health. When a magnet was brought into contact with a patient, the subtle and mysterious fluid exuded by the magnet entered the body of the patient and healed him of his complaint. â€Å"Animal magnetism† was the name Mesmer gave this fluid (Baker, 1990). The execution of Mesmer’s â€Å"animal magnetism† made him famous. He called his way of curing people with this method â€Å"mesmerism† (Kennedy, 1979, p. 28). He passed long iron rods and magnets over the bodies of sick patients to enhance the balance of their fluids. Now that we have a basic understanding of where hypnosis came from and how it transcended into time, I will explain the science of hypnosis. I will talk about how Mesmer applied â€Å"animal magnetism† in specific cases, and why his theories were refuted by many scientific and medical communities. Then, I will discuss what hypnosis really is, and how it is used to explain human experiences and what they mean. How research supports or refutes such theories will also be discussed. The Basic Nature of HypnotismFor a period of about 5 years, animal magnetism was very popular in Paris around 1778. Hundreds of the sick were treated at the clinic that Mesmer and his friend founded in Rue Montmartre, a clinic that was founded with Queen Marie Antoinette’s permission (Baker, 1990, p. 56)In curing his patients, Mesmer walked around them touching each one with a wand, advocating them to yield themselves to the magnetic fluids about. He told them that they could only be cured if they were able to focus on the heavenly powers that existed within their sick bodies. He pressed his clients to â€Å"reach further into your mind,† (cited in Baker, 1990, p. 56). He drove these people to reach what Mesmer called â€Å"a grand crisis†, known today as a grand mal convulsive seizure. Mesmer reported that this grand crisis was the reason many of his clients were cured. According to Thornton (1976), the origin of the behavior that is now attributed to hypnosis r esulted from the misdiagnosis of the ancient malady epilepsy. Trying to relate Mesmer’s convulsing patients with the characteristics of hypnosis; relaxation and calamity perplexed many. Many did not see Mesmers patients as experiencing the same things that hypnosis would evoke from a patient. Importance of Being Earnest Argumentative EssayThe use of hypnosis as an anaesthetic can be traced back to a French surgeon named Cloquet, to John Eliotson at the University College Hospital in London in the 1830’s, and to James Esdaile’s use of mesmeric techniques in India (Baker, 1990, p. 199). However, the pain killing that was reported in those instances was not clear-cut. In Hypnosis, Compliance, and Belief, Wagstaff (1981) states that the work of Eliotson and Esdaille may not have been so pain free. According to Wagstaff, the number of people who undergo surgery without pain under hypnosis is very small. This observation was shared by Baker (1990) as well. â€Å"While the number of people who could undergo painless surgery without anesthetics is quite small, it is important to point out that the number of people selected for surgery with hypnosis is equally small. Those who have studied the problem are in general agreement that the number is much less than the frequently reported ten percent. Two to three percent would be much more accurate.†According to Baker (1990), investigators have also said that cultural factors affect the way people respond to pain. For example, people that live in Third World countries, in poverty, hunger and disease, have a tolerance for pain much unlike people from America and Western Europe. Situations that would seem very painful to Americans may not seem so painful to people of more primitive cultures. It is believed that if one is brought up to think that a surgery will cause little pain, then that is what will happen. In China, for instance, children are conditioned to believe that surgery such as tonsillectomies cause little or no pain (Baker, 1990, p. 200). This kind of conditioning is extremely important in determining what is painful and what the level of pain experienced is. According to Wagstaff (1981), if Esdaille was able to carry out operations without pain on the East Indians, this does not mean that he would have been successful if he had tried this with Americans or Europeans. The way surgery is done under hypnosis varies. One way of suppressing pain during surgery without anesthetics is through the placebo affect. Until recently, it is very possible that many medicines were placebos, i.e., sugar pills. So, it was not the medicine that brought about pain relief but the belief that one had ingested medicine (Baker, 1990, p. 201). According to Baker (1990), an example of the use of placebos was during World War II when two surgeons without any access to anesthetics were forced to use hypnosis as a painkiller. The two surgeons suggested anesthesia from fake morphine pills, and it worked. Distraction also works well. An example of this is one needs to get stitches in his/her leg, the nurse would squeeze the patients hand very hard to try and distract the pain from the leg to the hand. Other distractions may include imaging a fantasyland, or trying to imagine that one’s body is completely numb in the area where the pain is coming from. This may include t aking very deep breaths. â€Å"All of these activities serve well to reduce the amount of felt and reported pain† (Baker, 1990, p. 200). In addition to the placebo effect and suggestion, relaxation is also useful when trying to alleviate pain. Muscle relaxation is clearly related to pain responsiveness. â€Å"Relaxation is very effective in reducing fear and anxiety, which are inextricably liked with the pain response† (Baker, 1990, p. 200). The main difficulty with relaxation techniques to soothe pain is that when you have a person who is suffering from a traumatic would and is in need of relief from fear and anxiety, it could be very hard to persuade this person to take deep breaths and calm down. In today’s world, contrary to the prior situations discussed, our society’s have a very low tolerance for pain, and it is unlike that many would prefer the alternate pain relievers associated with hypnosis as opposed to anesthetics. According to Baker (1990), pain is the single most reason that people see physicians today, and it is the number one reason that people take medication. These are just a few examples of how hypnosis is used to heal and cure, but it is unlikely that these practices are used much today. In a world full of technology and of the medical advances that we have today, it is easy to see why. But, one still has to wonder, if one really could heal himself without putting chemicals and medicines into his/her body, wouldn’t he/she rather heal themselves. I’m not sure I would, even after reading up on many cases that claim people have felt no pain during surgery because of hypnosis. In a world of medicine, I think I would opt for the friendly practitioner to scribble me a prescription that could leave me feeling better in minutes than try to convince myself that my body is numb, or that I’m in a fantasy land. However, the prospect of healing myself is tempting, just not convincing enough for my skepti cal mind. ReferencesBaker, Robert A. 1990. They Call it Hypnosis. New York: Prometheus Books. Estabrooks, George H. 1957. Hypnotism. New York: E.P. Dutton Co. Inc. Hull, C.L. 1933. Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach. New York: Appleton-Century. Kennedy, Marge M. 1979. The Mystery of Hypnosis. New York: Contemporary Perspectives, Inc. Sheehan, P.W. 1979. â€Å"Hypnosis and the Process of Imagination† in Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New Perspectives. New York: Adline Publishing. Co. Thornton, E.M. 1976. Hypnotism, Hysteria, and Epilepsy: An Historical Synthesis. London: Heinemann. Van der Walde, P.H. 1965. â€Å"Interpretation of hypnosis in terms of ego psychology.† Arch.Gen.Psychiatr. Vol. (12), 438-447. Wagstaff, Graham R. 1981. Hypnosis, Compliance, and Belief. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Weizenhoffer, A. M. 1953. Hypnotism. New York: John Wiley Sons. .1985. â€Å"In search of hypnosis† in Modern Trends in Hypnosis. New York: Plenum Press. Psychology